Preliminary experience of gasless transoral vestibular robotic thyroidectomy / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To explore the feasibility and safety of the gasless transoral vestibular robotic thyroidectomy using skin suspension. Methods: The clinical data of 20 patients underwent gasless transoral vestibular robotic thyroidectomy in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from February 2022 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 18 were females and 2 were males, aged (38.7±8.0) years old. The intraoperative blood loss, operation time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative drainage volume, postoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score, postoperative swallowing function swallowing impairment score-6 (SIS-6), postoperative aesthetic VAS score, postoperative voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10) voice quality, postoperative pathology and complications were recorded. SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: The operations were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery in all patients. Pathological examination showed papillary thyroid carcinoma in 18 cases, retrosternal nodular goiter in 1 case, and cystic change in goiter in 1 case. The operative time for thyroid cancer was 161.50 (152.75, 182.50) min [M (P25, P75), the same below] and the average operative time for benign thyroid diseases was 166.50 minutes. The intraoperative blood loss 25.00 (21.25, 30.00) ml. In 18 cases of thyroid cancer, the mean diameter of the tumors was (7.22±2.02) mm, and lymph nodes (6.56±2.14) were dissected in the central region, with a lymph node metastasis rate of 61.11%. The postoperative pain VAS score was 3.00 (2.25, 4.00) points at 24 hours, the mean postoperative drainage volume was (118.35±24.32) ml, the postoperative hospital stay was 3.00 (3.00, 3.75) days, the postoperative SIS-6 score was (4.90±1.58) points at 3 months, and the postoperative VHI-10 score was 7.50 (2.00, 11.00) points at 3 months. Seven patients had mild mandibular numbness, 10 patients had mild cervical numbness, and 3 patients had temporary hypothyroidism three months after surgery and 1 patient had skin flap burn, but recovered one month after surgery. All patients were satisfied with the postoperative aesthetic effects, and the postoperative aesthetic VAS score was 10.00 (10.00, 10.00). Conclusion: Gasless transoral vestibular robotic thyroidectomy using skin suspension is a safe and feasible option with good postoperative aesthetic effect, which can provide a new treatment option for some selected patients with thyroid tumors.

Efficacy of surgical comprehensive therapy for 456 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To retrospectively analyse the efficacy of surgerical comprehensive treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer. Methods: Four hundred and fifty-six cases of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated from Jan 2014 to Dec 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, including 432 males and 24 females, aged 37-82 years old. There were 328 cases of pyriform sinus carcinoma, 88 cases of posterior pharyngeal wall carcinoma, and 40 cases of postcricoid carcinoma. According to American Joint Committe on Cancer(AJCC) 2018 criteria, 420 cases were of stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ; 325 cases were of T3 or T4 stage. Treatment methods included surgery alone in 84 cases, preoperative planned radiotherapy plus surgery in 49 cases, surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 314 cases, and inductive chemotherapy plus surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in 9 cases. The primary tumor resection methods included transoral laser surgery in 5 cases, partial laryngopharyngectomy in 74 cases, of them 48 cases (64.9%) presented with supracricoid hemilaryngopharyngectomy, total laryngectomy with patial pharyngectomy in 90 cases, total laryngopharyngectomy or with cervical esophagectomy in 226 cases, and total laryngopharyngectomy with total esophagectomy in 61 cases. Among 456 cases, 226 cases received reconstruction surgery with free jejunum transplantation, 61 cases with gastric pull-up, and 32 cases with pectoralis myocutaneous flaps. All patients underwent retropharyngeal lymph node dissection, and high-definition gastroscopy was performed during admission and follow-up. SPSS 24.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were respectively 59.8%, and 49.5%. The 3-year and 5-year disease specific survival rates were respectively 69.0% and 58.8%. Total metastasis rate of retropharyngeal lymph nodes was 12.7%. A total of 132 patients (28.9%) suffered from simultaneous and metachronous multiple primary carcinoma of the hypopharynx. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that T3-4 disease, cervical lymph node metastasis, retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy were independent factors affecting the prognosis of patients (all P<0.05). As of April 30, 2022, a total of 221 patients died during follow-up, of 109 (49.3%) with distant metastases, which were the main cause of death. Conclusions: The efficacy of comprehensive treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer can be improved by accurate preoperative evaluation, improved surgical resection, active retropharyngeal lymph node dissection and full process intervention of the second primary cancer.

Analysis of risk factors for recurrence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma after surgical resection combined with iodine-131 and TSH suppression therapy / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of recurrence after surgical resection of differentiated thyroid carcinoma combined with iodine-131 and TSH（Thyroid stimulating hormone） inhibition therapy. Methods:From January 2015 to April 2020, the clinical data of patients with structural recurrence and without recurrence were retrospectively collected after surgical treatment combined with iodine-131 and TSH inhibition therapy in the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital. The general conditions of the two groups of patients were analyzed and the measurement data in line with the normal distribution was used for comparison between groups. For measurement data with non-normal distribution, the rank sum test was used for inter-group comparison. The Chi-square test was used for comparison between the counting data groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors associated with relapse. Results:The median follow-up period was 43 months（range 18-81 months） and 100 patients（10.5%） relapsed among the 955 patients. Univariate analysis showed that tumor size, tumor multiple, the number of lymph node metastases>5 in the central region of the neck, and the number of lymph node metastases>5 in the lateral region were significantly correlated with post-treatment recurrence（P<0.001, P=0.018, P<0.001, P<0.001）. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size（adjusted odds ratio OR: 1.496, 95%CI: 1.226-1.826, P<0.001）, tumor frequency（adjusted odds ratio OR: 1.927, 95%CI: 1.003-3.701, P=0.049）, the number of lymph node metastases in the central neck region>5（adjusted odds ratio OR: 2.630, 95%CI: 1.509-4.584, P=0.001） and the number of lymph node metastases in the lateral neck region>5（adjusted odds ratio OR: 3.074, 95%CI: 1.649-5.730, P=0.001） was associated with tumor recurrence. Conclusion:The study showed that tumor size, tumor multiple, the number of lymph node metastases in the central region of the neck>5 and the number of lymph node metastases in the side of the neck >5 are independent risk factors for recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer after surgical resection combined with iodine-131 and TSH inhibition therapy.

Clinical study of bilateral axillo-breast approach robot in obese women with thyroid cancer / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To explore the safety and feasibility of bilateral axillo-breast approach （BABA） robot in the operation of thyroid cancer in obese women. Methods:The clinical data of 81 obese female patients who underwent da Vinci robotic thyroid cancer surgery（robotic group） at the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, PLA 960 Hospital from May 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with the clinical data of 106 obese female thyroid cancer patients who underwent open surgery（open group） during the same period. The age, body mass index（BMI）, mean time of surgery, mean postoperative drainage, tumor diameter, postoperative tumor stage, number of lymph node dissection in the central and lateral cervical regions, number of positive lymph nodes in the central and lateral cervical regions, postoperative cosmetic outcome satisfaction score, mean postoperative hospital stay and postoperative complications of all patients were counted. The results were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software, and the count data were compared using the χ² test, and the measurement data were compared using the t test. Results:All patients completed the operation successfully, and there was no conversion in the robot group, postoperative pathological results were all composed of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The operation time in the robot group was（144.62±36.38） min, which was longer than that in the open group（117.06±18.72） min（P<0.05）. The average age of the robot group was（40.25±9.27） years, which was lower than that of the open group（49.59±8.70） years（P<0.05）. The satisfactory score of cosmetic effect in the robot group（9.44±0.65） was higher than that in the open group（5.23±1.07）（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in tumor diameter, BMI, average postoperative drainage, temporary hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, number of central and lateral cervical lymph node dissection, number of positive lymph nodes in the central and lateral cervical regions, and average postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. There was no permanent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in both groups. Conclusion:The application of BABA pathway robot in thyroid cancer surgery in obese women is safe and feasible, and the cosmetic effect is better after operation.

A retrospective comparative study between robotic thyroidectomy through transoral vestibular approach and bilateral breast-axillary approach / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To compare the surgical outcome of robotic thyroidectomy through transoral approach and the bilateral breast-axillary approach. Methods: Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of patients who performed transoral robotic thyroidectomy (TORT group) or bilateral breast-axillary approach (BABA group) in the Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the 960th Hospital of People's Liberation Army from July 2020 to May 2022. Both groups received lobectomy with lymph node dissection of the central region. A total of 100 cases were included in the study, including 48 cases in the TORT group and 52 cases in the BABA group. The propensity score matching method was used for 1∶1 matching of patients between the 2 groups, with a match tolerance of 0.03. There were 31 patients in each group successfully matched. In the TORT group, there were 5 males and 26 females, aged (33.2±7.9) years (range: 21 to 53 years). While there were 4 males and 27 females in the BABA group, aged (34.6±9.2) years (range: 19 to 58 years). The t test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test or Fisher exact test were used to compare the clinical efficacy between the two groups. Results: All the patients successfully completed robotic thyroid surgery without conversion to open surgery. Compared with BABA group, the TORT group had longer operation time ((211.3±57.2) minutes vs. (126.2±37.8) minutes, t=6.915, P<0.01), shorter drainage tube retention time ((5.4±1.0) days vs. (6.4±1.2) days, t=-3.544, P=0.001), shorter total hospital stay ((6.6±1.2) days vs. (7.4±1.3) days, t=-2.353, P=0.022), and higher cosmetic score (9.46±0.25 vs. 9.27±0.26, t=2.925, P=0.005). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of lymph nodes dissection, metastasis in the central compartment, and the incidence of postoperative complications (all P>0.05). Conclusions: Compared with the bilateral breast-axillary approach, the transoral vestibular approach of robotic thyroidectomy is also safe and effective. It shows similar surgical results to the bilateral breast-axillary approach in strictly selected patients, but the postoperative recovery speed is much faster, and the hospital stay is shorter. Transoral robotic thyroidectomy is a more recommended surgical method for patients with high aesthetic demand.

Correlación clínico patológica de los ganglios cervicales enpacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello / Clinical pathological correlation between lymph node inpatients with head and neck cancer

Objetivo: Correlacionar la clasificación clínica ganglionar con el estudio de anatomía patológica de las disecciones cervicales realizadas a los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello en la Cátedra Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas desde el 2011 al 2016.Método: Estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo que evaluó 27pacientes, a quienes se les practicó disección cervical tipo radical clásica, radical modificada y selectiva. Resultados: edad promedio 56 años, el 77,8% sexo masculino. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue carcinoma escamoso 81,5%. El tipo de disección más practicada fue la selectiva 53,3%, seguida dela radical clásica 26,7% y de la radical modificada 20,0%. Se constató 36% de recidiva local o cervical. Dieciséis pacientes con ganglios clínicamente positivos, 13 fueron confirmados histológicamente. Todos aquellos clínicamente sin ganglios, fueron confirmados histológicamente como negativos. La sensibilidad de la clasificación clínica para ganglios positivos fue 81,3% y la especificidad 100%. Las siete recidivas cervicales presentaban ganglios positivos. No hubo recidivas en los 11pacientes ganglios negativos. El 22,7% y 71,6% de pacientes con estado ganglionar positivo y negativo sobrevivieron a los 5 años, respectivamente; fue una diferencia estadística significativa (p=0,024). Conclusión: La relación entre la clasificación patológica y la clínica, así como la presencia de ganglios positivos en las recidivas cervicales son estadísticamente significativas y se relacionan con la disminución en la sobrevida. La palpación de cuello continúa siendo una herramienta útil en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas, que demostró una sensibilidad y especificidad superior al promedio(AU)

Objective: To correlate the clinical lymph node classification with the pathological result of neck dissections performed in patients with head and neck cancer at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Hospital Universitario de Caracas from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2016. Method: Descriptive, quantitative and retrospective study, which evaluated 27 patients, who under went classical radical, modified radical and selective neck dissection. Results: averageage 56 years, 77.8% male. the most frequent histological type was squamous carcinoma 81.5%. The most used type of dissectio was selective 53.3%, followed by the classical radical 26.7% and the modified radical 20.0%, of these 36% presented local or cervical recurrence. Of the 16 patients with positive lymph nodes, 13 had patology confirmation, and all the negative nodes also had negative patology confirmation; regarding cervical recurrence, of the 7 cases where it was present, all positive nodes, and in the 11 patients negative nodes, all negative cervical recurrence. Conclusion: thee relationship between the pathological and clinical classification, as well as the presence of positive lymph nodes in cervical recurrences are statisticall ysignificant and are related to the decrease in survival. Neck palpation continues to be a useful tool in therapeutic decision making, which has shown higher than average sensitivity andspecificity(AU)

Gasless submental-transoral combined appoach endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma: a series of 41 cases / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To examine the safety and feasibility of gasless submental-transoral combined appoach endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 41 patients with PTC who underwent the gasless submental-transoral combined appoach endoscopic thyroidectomy at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from November 2020 to April 2021. There were 5 males and 36 females with the age of (35.0±8.7) years (range: 19 to 58 years). A horizontal incision with a length of 2.0 cm is made under the chin as an observation hole, a 10 mm Trocar and a self-developed retractor are inserted, and two 5 mm longitudinal incisions are made on the labial side in the vestibule of the oral cavity as an operation hole, each inserting a 5 mm Trocar, the operation direction is from the cranial side to the caudal side. The sensation of the lower lip and chin was measured on the first day and one month postoperative. The operation time, hospital stay, the number of lymph nodes dissected and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: Surgical procedures in all cases were successfully completed under endoscopic approach without transfering to open surgery. The operation time was (99±34) minutes (range: 50 to 180 minutes) and the postoperative hospital stay was (3.4±2.2) days (range: 2 to 16 days). The maximum diameter of PTC was (7.6±5.8) mm (range: 2 to 30 mm), and the number of lymph nodes of the central compartment dissection was 6(5) (M(IQR)) (range: 1 to 25). The duration of follow-up is 1 month after operation, and the follow-up method is adopted in outpatient clinic. Postoperation complications included 2 cases of transient hypoparathyroidism, One case of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (continue to follow up to assess whether it is a temporary injury). Postoperative minor chyle leak, seroma, and local redness and swelling in 1 case each were cured after conservative treatment. 1 case of transient minor numbness of the lower lip was observed. No permanent hypoparathyroidism, postoperative bleeding and numbness of the chin was observed. Conclusion: The gasless submental-transoral combined appoach endoscopic thyroidectomy is a feasible approach in selected PTC patients and has clinical application value.

Retropharyngeal lymph node dissection in head and neck cancers treated with transoral robotic surgery / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To evaluate the indications, safety, feasibility, and surgical technique for patients with head and neck cancers undergoing transoral robotic retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) dissection. Methods: The current study enrolled 12 consecutive head and neck cancer patients (seven males and four females) who underwent transoral robotic RPLN dissection with the da Vinci surgical robotic system at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from May 2019 to July 2020. Seven patients were diagnosed as nasopharyngeal carcinoma with RPLN metastasis after initial treatments, 4 patients were diagnosed as thyroid carcinoma with RPLN metastasis after initial treatments, and one patient was diagnosed as oropharyngeal carcinoma with RPLN metastasis before initial treatments. The operation procedure and duration time, intraoperative blood loss volume and complications, nasogastric feeding tube dependence, tracheostomy dependence, postoperative complications, and hospitalization time were recorded and analyzed. Results: All patients were successfully treated by transoral robotic dissection of the metastatic RPLNs, none of which was converted to open surgery. RPLNs were completely resected in 10 patients, and partly resected in 2 patients (both were nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients). The mean number of RPLN dissected was 1.7. The operation duration time and intraoperative blood loss volume were (191.3±101.1) min and (150.0±86.6) ml, respectively. There was no severe intraoperative complication such as massive haemorrhage or adjacent organ injury during surgery. Nasogastric tube use was required in all patients with (17.1±10.6) days of dependence, while tracheotomy was performed in 8 patients with (11.6±10.7) days of dependence. The postoperative hospitalization stay was (8.5±5.7) days. Postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients, including 2 of retropharyngeal incision and 2 of dysphagia. During a follow-up of (6.5±5.1) months, disease-free progression was observed in all patients, 10 patients were disease-free survival and other 2 patients were survival with tumor burden. Conclusions: The transoral robotic RPLN dissection is safety and feasible. Compared with the traditional open surgical approach, it is less traumatic and safer, has fewer complications and good clinical application potentiality. The indications for transoral robotic RPLN dissection include thyroid carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma, and some selected nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other head and neck cancers. Metastatic RPLNs from some nasopharyngeal carcinoma with incomplete capsule, unclear border and adhesion to the surrounding vessels are not suitable for transoral robotic RPLN dissection.

Preliminary experience of transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the oncological and functional efficacy and safety of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Twenty-six patients with oropharyngeal cancer were enrolled who underwent TORS at Beijing United Hospital from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020. Among them, 22 patients were males and 4 were females, aged 39 to 76 years old. T1-2 patients accounted for 88.5% (23/26). Clinicopathological data including the time of removal of gastric and endotracheal tube were collected. The SPSS software package was used for survival analysis, and the overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate were calculated. Results: All the 26 patients with oropharyngeal cancer received TORS without conversion to open surgery, and 20 of them underwent simultaneous cervical lymph node dissection. TORS operation time ranged from 65 to 360 minutes with an average of 215 minutes. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 5 to 600 ml with an average of 70 ml. Four patients (15.4%) underwent tracheotomy, of whom 3 patients had the removals of tracheal tubes within 1 month after surgery and 1 case remained to wear a tube by the end of follow-up. Twelve patients (46.2%) underwent gastric tube implantation, among them, 11 patients had removals of gastric tubes within 1 month after surgery and 1 patient died of oropharyngeal hemorrhage 13 days after operation. One patient (3.8%) had a positive surgical margin and others had pathologically negative surgical margins. Sixteen patients (61.5%) received postoperative radiotherapy, of whom 11 patients (42.3%) received platinum-based concurrent chemotherapy. The median follow-up time was 21.5 months (0.4 to 45 months). The overall survival and the disease-free survival rates were 83.0% and 75.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The application of TORS in treatment of oropharyngeal cancer can achieve good oncological and functional outcomes in selected patients.

Platysma transverse myocutaneous flap: a 21 case series of an overlooked reconstructive method for facial skin defects / Retalho miocutâneo transverso de platisma: casuística de 21 casos de um método pouco usual de reconstrução de defeitos de pele facial

Abstract Introduction Since the first report of a platysma transverse myocutaneous flap in 1977, few articles about this flap design have been added to the literature. Objective Our aim is to describe our department's experience with platysma transverse myocutaneous flap. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing platysma transverse myocutaneous flap reconstruction between 2011 and 2019. Results There were 16 men and 5 women in this series. The mean patients' age was 72.7 years old. In eight cases, we had wound complications, including four wound infections, one hematoma and three distal flap ischemia problems. Distal flap ischemia occurred only in cases that advanced beyond the midline and with length-to-width ratio equal to or over three to one. Neck dissection was performed in two of these three cases with ischemic complications. Conclusion Several factors may influence platysma transverse myocutaneous flap survival. Usually a long and narrow flap, especially crossing the neck midline and associated with neck dissection are more prone to poor outcomes.

Resumo Introdução Desde o primeiro relato de retalho miocutâneo transverso de platisma em 1977, poucos artigos sobre o assunto foram adicionados à literatura. Objetivo Descrever a experiência de nosso departamento com retalho miocutâneo transverso de platisma. Método Análise retrospectiva de todos os pacientes submetidos à reconstrução por retalho miocutâneo transverso de platisma entre 2011 e 2019. Resultados Havia 16 homens e 5 mulheres. A idade média dos pacientes foi 72,7 anos. Em oito casos, ocorreram complicações no sítio operatório: quatro infecções no sítio operatório, um hematoma e três isquemias distais do retalho. A isquemia distal do retalho ocorreu apenas nos casos em que os mesmos progrediram para além da linha média e com proporção entre comprimento e largura superior ou igual a três. A dissecção do pescoço foi feita em dois desses três casos de complicações isquêmicas. Conclusão Diversos fatores podem afetar a vitalidade do retalho miocutâneo transverso de platisma. Normalmente, um retalho longo e estreito que passa pela linha média do pescoço e está associado à dissecção do pescoço está mais propenso a resultados negativos.

Microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides: ¿es adecuada la selección para protocolo de vigilancia activa? / Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: is selection suitable for active surveillance protocol?

Introducción. Los microcarcinomas papilares de tiroides son tumores de hasta 10 mm en su diámetro mayor. Su tratamiento es sujeto de debate y se propone, desde seguimiento clínico, hasta intervención quirúrgica temprana. Este estudio buscó identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con compromiso ganglionar, que permitan una mejor selección de los pacientes en nuestro medio, en quienes se propone manejo quirúrgico inmediato o vigilancia activa, en consonancia con la clasificación del riesgo de progresión. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte analítica ambispectiva que incluyó pacientes con microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides llevados a tiroidectomía más vaciamiento central. Se caracterizó la población y se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariado para definir factores preoperatorios asociados al compromiso ganglionar. Adicionalmente, se evaluó de manera retrospectiva la eventual asignación a grupos de riesgo de progresión, según los criterios de Miyauchi, y su comportamiento respecto al estado nodal. Resultados. Se incluyeron 286 pacientes. El 48,9 % presentó compromiso ganglionar, y de estos, el 33,5 % presentó compromiso ganglionar significativo, que modificó su clasificación de riesgo de recaída. De estos últimos, el 59,5 % hubiesen sido manejados con vigilancia activa, según los criterios propuestos por Miyauchi. Se identificó que la edad menor de 55 años, los ganglios sospechosos en la ecografía y los nódulos mayores de 5 mm, se relacionan con compromiso ganglionar significativo. Discusión. El manejo quirúrgico inmediato parece ser una opción adecuada para pacientes con sospecha de compromiso ganglionar en ecografía preoperatoria, pacientes menores de 55 años y nódulos mayores de 5 mm. Es posible que los actuales criterios para definir vigilancia activa no seleccionen adecuadamente a los pacientes en nuestro medio.

Introduction. Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas are tumors up to 10 mm in greatest diameter. Its treatment is subject of debate, and it is proposed from clinical follow-up to early surgical intervention. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors related to lymph node involvement, which allow a better selection of patients in our setting, in whom immediate surgical management or active surveillance is proposed, in accordance with the classification of risk of progression.Methods. Ambispective analytic cohort study that included patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma who underwent thyroidectomy and central dissection. The population was characterized and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to define preoperative factors associated with lymph node involvement. Additionally, eventual assignment to progression risk groups, according to the Miyauchi criteria, and their nodal state were evaluated.Results. 286 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma were included. Among them, 48.9% had lymph node disease, and 33.5% had a significant lymph node disease that increased their relapse risk classification. Of the latter, 59.5% could have had a conservative treatment, under Miyauchi's criteria. For ages < 55 years old, suspect nodes in ultrasound and nodules > 5 mm were identified as related to significant lymph node involvement.Discussion. Immediate surgical management appears to be an appropriate option for patients with suspected lymph node involvement on preoperative ultrasound, patients younger than 55 years and nodules larger than 5 mm. It is possible that the current criteria for defining active surveillance do not adequately select patients in our setting.

Retrospective study of thyroid invasion and central lymph node metastasis in 124 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of thyroid invasion and central lymph node metastasis of hypopharyngeal carcinoma, and the impact on survival rate and quality of life. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 124 cases (122 males and 2 females with age range from 36 to 78 years old) with laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who were initially treated in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2014 to December 2017 was performed. The clinical data included tumor location, pathological T stage, pathological N stage, invasion of thyroid gland, central lymph node metastasis, surgical procedures and so on. Patients were grouped according to if presence of thyroid invasion and central lymph node metastasis. With follow-up, the survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method, and tumor recurrence and metastasis were evaluated. Results: Of the patients, 12 patients had thyroid involvement and 5 patients had central lymph node metastasis. The incidence of thyroid involvement was 8.16% (8/98) in pyriform sinus, 1/18 in posterior pharyngeal wall and 3/8 in posterior cricoid wall, with statistically significant difference (χ2=15.076,P=0.008). The incidence of central lymph node metastasis was 1.02% (1/98) in pyriform sinus, 3/18 in posterior pharyngeal wall and 1/8 in posterior cricoid wall, also with statistically significant difference (χ2=11.205, P=0.008). There was no statistical correlation between thyroid invasion or central lymph node metastasis and gender, smoking or alcohol exposure history and tumor pathological differentiation (all P>0.05). The 3-year overall survival rate was 80.65% and the 3-year recurrence free rate was 85.48%. Totally 24 patients died in 3 years, including 4 cases in thyroid invasion group and 1 case in central lymph node metastasis group. Local recurrence occurred in 18 patients, including 4 cases in thyroid invasion group and 1 case in central lymph node metastasis group. There was no significant difference in survival between patients with and without thyroid invasion and central lymph node metastasis (all P>0.05). There were significantly difference in 3-year overall survival and relapse-free survival among the groups with different T stages, N stages, pathological stages and tumor pathological differentiation levels (all P<0.05). There were significantly differences in the levels of serum calcium and FT3 between the groups with or without thyroid invasion and central lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The incidences of thyroid invasion and central lymph node metastasis of hypopharyngeal carcinoma are rare, and the risk of occurrence is related to the primary site of tumor. Comprehensive evaluation, correct decision-making and accurate treatment could be helpful to cure radically the tumor, to prevent recurrence and to improve the quality of life of patients.

Endoscopic lateral neck dissection via the breast and transoral approaches for papillary thyroid carcinoma: a report of 10 cases / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of endoscopic lateral neck dissection via the breast and transoral approaches (ELNDBTOA) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods: From February 2015 to April 2019, 10 patients with PTC (cN1b) including 1 male and 9 females aged from 22 to 53 years old received ELNDBTOA in the General Surgery Department of Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University. Total thyroidectomy, the central lymph node dissection and the selective neck dissection (levels Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) were performed endoscopically via the breast approach, and then the residual lymph nodes were dissected via transoral approach. The medical records, operation time, blood loss, complications and postoperative follow-up outcomes were analyzed retrospectively. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical processing of clinical data of patients. Results: All cases were successfully treated with ELNDBTOA without transfer to open surgery. The average operative time was (362.5±79.7) min, the blood loss was (23.0±14.9) ml, and the postoperative hospital stay was (5.1±1.3) days. The mean number of harvested cervical lymph nodes were (34.2±25.8), and the mean number of positive lymph nodes were (6.5±4.9). Lymph nodes were dissected by the further dissection via oral approach in 6 patients and a total of 9 lateral lymph nodes were havested from 2 of the 6 patients, with 3 positive lymph nodes. Two patients had transient skin numbness in the mandibular area and recovered within two weeks. One patient developed transient hypoparathyroidism and recovered within two months. No secondary bleeding, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, chylous leakage, neck infection, permanent hypoparathyroidism or other complications were observed. The follow-up time was from 16 to 66 months with a median of 42.5 months, no tumor recurrence or metastasis occurred, and also no obvious deformity, abnormal sensation or movement in the chest, neck and mouth was observed. Conclusions: ELNBTOA is safe and feasible, with good cosmetic outcome.

Complications of Da Vinci robot thyroid surgery by bilateral axillo-breast approach / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the complications of Da Vinci robotic thyroid surgery by bilateral axillo-breast approach. Methods: A retrospective analysis of complications was conducted on 1, 198 cases of Da Vinci robotic thyroid surgery by bilateral axillo-breast approach of the 960 th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army from February 2014 to March 2020. There were 263 men and 935 women, age ranged from 9 to 68 years old, and included 288 benign lesions and 910 malignancies according to preoperative imaging examination, FNAC, and intraoperative frozen pathology. Results: Surgical complications occurred in 187 (15.61%) patients, including 10 cases of temporary larynx nerve injury (0.83%), 1 case of permanent larynx nerve injury (0.08%), and 152 cases of temporary hypoparathyroidism (12.69%), no permanent hypoparathyroidism, 1 case of hypoglossal injury (0.08%), 2 cases of facial nerve jaw branch damage (0.17%), 2 cases of trachea injury (0.17%), no esophagus damage, 5 cases of celiac leakage (0.42%), 3 cases of neck skin adhesion (0.25%), 2 cases of subdermal bleeding (0.17%), 2 cases of skin burns (0.17%), 5 cases of hematoma (0.42%), 1 case of cephalic artery rupture (0.08%), 1 case of jugular vein rupture (0.08%), no tumor cultivation, no arm plex nerve, accessory nerve or phrenic nerve damage. Conclusion: Da Vinci robot thyroid surgery by bilateral axillo-breast approach is safe, with less severe complications.

Research on neck dissection for oral squamous-cell carcinoma: a bibliometric analysis / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Neck dissection for oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a clinically controversial issue and has therefore been the subject of abundant research. However, no one has performed a bibliometric study on this topic to date. The aim of this study was to assess the development of research on neck dissection for OSCC in terms of the historical evolution, current hotspots and future directions, particularly including research trends and frontiers from 2010 to 2019. Literature records related to research on neck dissection for OSCC were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). CiteSpace was used as a tool to perform a bibliometric analysis of this topic. The survey included 2 096 papers. "Otorhinolaryngology" was the most popular research area. The most active institutions and countries were Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and the USA, respectively. Shah J.P. was the most cited author. Among the six identified "core journals", Head & Neck ranked first. The top three trending keywords were 'invasion', 'upper aerodigestive' and 'negative neck'. 'D'Cruz AK (2015)' was the most cited and the strongest burst reference in the last decade. The study evaluated the effect on survival of elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in patients with lateralized early-stage OSCC. The depth of invasion and the management of N0 OSCC were research frontiers in this field. The present study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on neck dissection for OSCC, which will assist investigators in exploring potential research directions.

Effectiveness of simplified predictive intubation difficulty score and thyromental height in head and neck surgeries: an observational study / Eficácia do escore simplificado preditivo de dificuldade de intubação e da altura tiromentoniana em cirurgias de cabeça e pescoço: estudo observacional

Abstract Background and objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the predictive value of different airway assessment tools, including parts of the Simplified Predictive Intubation Difficulty Score (SPIDS), the SPIDS itself and the Thyromental Height Test (TMHT), in intubations defined as difficult by the Intubation Difficulty Score (IDS) in a group of patients who have head and neck pathologies. Methods: One hundred fifty-three patients who underwent head and neck surgeries were included in the study. The Modified Mallampati Test (MMT) result, Thyromental Distance (TMD), Ratio of the Height/Thyromental Distance (RHTMD), TMHT, maximum range of head and neck motion and mouth opening were measured. The SPIDSs were calculated, and the IDSs were determined. Results: A total of 25.4% of the patients had difficult intubations. SPIDS scores >10 had 86.27% sensitivity, 71.57% specificity and 91.2% Negative Predictive Value (NPV). The results of the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis for the airway screening tests and SPIDS revealed that the SPIDS had the highest area under the curve; however, it was statistically similar to other tests, except for the MMT. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates the practical use of the SPIDS in predicting intubation difficulty in patients with head and neck pathologies. The performance of the SPIDS in predicting airway difficulty was found to be as efficient as those of the other tests evaluated in this study. The SPIDS may be considered a comprehensive, detailed tool for predicting airway difficulty.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Neste estudo, avaliamos o valor preditivo de diferentes ferramentas de avaliação das vias aéreas, incluindo componentes do Escore Simplificado Preditivo de Intubação Difícil (ESPID), o próprio ESPID e a Medida da Altura Tireomentoniana (MATM), em intubações definidas como difícies pelo Escore de Dificuldade de Intubação (EDI) em um grupo de pacientes com patologia de cabeça e pescoço. Método: Incluímos no estudo 153 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço. Coletamos os resultados do Teste de Mallampati Modificado (TMM), Distância Tireomentoniana (DTM), Razão Altura/Distância Tireomentoniana (RADTM), MATM, amplitude máxima de movimentação da cabeça e pescoço e da abertura da boca. Os ESPIDs foram calculados e os EDIs, determinados. Resultados: Observamos intubação difícil em 25,4% dos pacientes. Os escores de ESPID > 10 tiveram sensibilidade de 86,27%, especificidade de 71,57% e valor preditivo negativo de 91,2% (VPN). O resultado da análise da curva de operação do receptor (curva ROC) para os testes de avaliação das vias aéreas e ESPID mostrou que o ESPID tinha a maior área sob a curva; no entanto, foi estatisticamente semelhante a outros testes, exceto para o TMM. Conclusões: O presente estudo demonstra o uso prático do ESPID na previsão da dificuldade de intubação em pacientes com patologia de cabeça e pescoço. O desempenho do ESPID na predição de via aérea difícil mostrou-se tão eficiente quanto os demais testes avaliados neste estudo. O ESPID pode ser considerado ferramenta abrangente e detalhada para prever via aérea difícil.

Measurement of the weight and volume of submandibular gland in vitro / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To measure the weight and volume of normal submandibular gland by in vitro detection of glandular body, to compare with the measurement values of CT volume rendering to evaluate the consistency of the two methods, and to explore the related factors affecting the weight and volume of the submandibular gland.@*METHODS@#The patients who underwent neck dissection due to oral cancer and were confirmed with normal submandibular gland by postoperative histopathology in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from May 2019 to January 2020 were collected in this study and divi-ded into 4 groups according to the age standards raised by the Society of Geriatrics Chinese Medical Association and WHO (2000) age standards. The submandibular gland was carefully dissected along with the capsule immediately after neck dissection. The weight and volume of submandibular gland were accurately measured by an integrated aseptic measuring device. The volume of submandibular gland was measured by CT volume rendering before operation and the consistency of the two methods was evaluated. The 95% confidence interval of the weight and volume of submandibular gland in the different groups of Chinese people, which were divided by gender and age, were calculated, and the correlation with age, gender, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and other factors was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The weight and vo-lume of submandibular gland were measured in 220 subjects. The average weight and volume of submandibular gland were (11.69±2.45) g and (11.55±2.41) cm3 respectively. The volume of submandibular gland measured by CT volume rendering ranged from 70% to 82% of that measured by in vitro detection of glandular body, and the correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.976 (P < 0.05). The gender difference of weight and volume of submandibular gland existed in the groups of youth, middle-aged, young elderly and elderly groups, the values of males were obviously higher than those of females (P < 0.05). There was no gender difference of weight and volume of submandibular gland in the adolescent group (P > 0.05). The weight and volume of submandibular gland had a strong positive correlation with body height (P < 0.05), a weak positive correlation with body weight (P < 0.05), and no correlation with BMI (P > 0.05). The female's weight and volume of submandibular gland in the young elderly and elderly groups were significantly lower than those in the other three groups (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The normal reference range of the weight and volume of submandibular gland in vitro were established in different age and gender groups of Chinese people. The volume of submandibular gland mea-sured by CT volume rendering was 70%-82% of that measured by in vitro detection of glandular body. The results of the two methods had a high degree of consistency. The weight and volume of submandibular gland were related to age, gender, body height and body weight.

How pathological criteria can impact prognosis of tongue and floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Pathological parameters have been indicated as tumor prognostic factors in oral carcinoma. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pathological parameters on prognosis of patients affected only by tongue and/or floor of the mouth squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methodology: In total, 380 patients treated in the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) from 1999 to 2006 were included. These patients underwent radical resection followed by neck dissection. The clinical and pathological characteristics were recorded. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model were used in survival analysis. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and disease-free interval (DFI) were estimated. Cox residuals were evaluated using the R software version 3.5.2. Worst OS, CSS and DFI were observed in patients with tumors in advanced pathological stages (p<0.001), with the presence of perineural invasion (p<0.001) and vascular invasion (p=0.005). Results: Advanced pathological stage and the presence of a poorly differentiated tumor were independent prognostic factors for OS and CSS. However, advanced pathological stage and perineural invasion were independent predictors of a shorter OS, DFI and CSS. Conclusion: Pathological stage and perineural invasion were the most significant pathological variables in survival analysis in tongue and/or floor of the mouth SCC.

Acometimento pulmonar e articular secundário à síndrome de Lemierre: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Pulmonary and joint involvement secondary to Lemierre syndrome: case report and literature review

A síndrome de Lemierre caracteriza-se por uma rara entidade que gera tromboflebite da veia jugular interna e embolismo séptico em história da infecção recente da orofaringe, além de sinais radiológicos e isolamento de patógenos anaeróbicos, principalmente Fusobacterium necrophorum. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 13 anos de idade, com histórico de carcinoma de nasofaringe associado ao vírus Epstein-Barr (estadiamento T4N2M0), submetida a procedimentos cirúrgicos e quimiorradioterapia. Iniciou com queixa de mialgia intensa, diplopia, lesões infectadas em membros e choque séptico. Por meio de exames de ultrassonografia cervical com Doppler colorido e tomografia computadorizada de pescoço com contraste endovenoso, foram identificados trombos intraluminais na veia jugular interna, além de trombos sépticos pulmonares, por meio da tomografia computadorizada de tórax. Posteriormente, ainda evoluiu com artrite piogênica coxofemoral esquerda. Foi isolada, por hemocultura, a bactéria Klebsiella pneumoniae Carpemenase, e o tratamento se deu pela associação entre vancomicina, amicacina, meropenem, metronidazol e anfotericina B. Conclui-se que, após o diagnóstico de SL e, embora com múltiplas complicações e diagnóstico tardio, a paciente encontra-se bem e assintomática, além do relato comprovar a dificuldade diagnóstica e de seu tratamento

Lemierre's syndrome is a rare condition that leads to thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and septic embolism following recent oropharyngeal infection, being characterized by radiological signs and isolation of anaerobic pathogens, especially Fusobacterium necrophorum. We report the case of a 13-year-old female patient with history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus (T4N2M0 staging), who underwent surgical procedures and chemoradiotherapy. Her initial complaint was severe myalgia, diplopia, infected limb injuries, and septic shock. Cervical color Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography scan of the neck with intravenous contrast showed intraluminal thrombi in the internal jugular vein, and chest computed tomography showed pulmonary septic thrombi. Subsequently, she progressed with left coxofemoral pyogenic arthritis. The bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae Carpemenase was isolated in blood culture, and the patient was treated with the association of vancomycin, amikacin, meropenem, metronidazole, and amphotericin B. It is concluded that, despite the multiple complications and late diagnosis, the patient is well and asymptomatic after the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome; in addition, the report proves the difficulty of diagnosis and treatme

Neck recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma / Recidiva cervical no carcinoma papilífero da tireoide

ABSTRACT Introduction: papillary thyroid carcinoma is a tumor with good prognosis. However, some patients treated present neck recurrence. Objective: to evaluate the risk factors for neck recurrence. Methods: a retrospective study enrolled 89 patients (68 women and 21 men) diagnosed with papillary carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. In 21 patients, neck dissection was performed and 62 patients underwent radioiodinetherapy. Twelve patients relapsed with metastasis in this period with an average of 3.6 years. Results: out of 89 patients, 76.4% were female. Relapse occurred in nine (13.23%) women and three (14.28%) men. The average age of the patients was 44 years in the control group and in patients with relapsed. Eighteen patients (23.37%) in the control group and eight (64.28%) who relapsed had positive lymph nodes at initial diagnosis. The tumor size was significantly larger in the group of patients with cervical recurrence (3.3cm vs. 1.6cm - p=0.008, Student t test), whereas the presence of metastatic lymph nodes at the moment of the first operation was also significant (p=0.004 -Fisher exact test). The tumor size was an independent risk factor for recurrence at the multivariate anaylsis (OR=2.4, IC95%:1.3-4.6 - p=0,007, logistic regression). Conclusion: there is an increase in the risk of lymph node recurrence during the follow up of 2.4 folds for each increase of 1cm in the longer nodule diameter.

RESUMO Introdução: o carcinoma papilífero da tireoide é um tumor com bom prognóstico. Entretanto, alguns pacientes tratados evoluem com recidiva cervical. Objetivo: avaliar os fatores de risco para recidiva cervical. Métodos: um estudo retrospectivo arrolou 89 pacientes (68 mulheres e 21 homens) diagnosticados com carcinoma papilífero, submetidos à tireoidectomia total. Em 21 pacientes, realizou esvaziamento cervical e, em 62, radioiodoterapia. Doze pacientes apresentaram recorrência linfonodal no período, com media de 3,6 anos. Resultados: dos 89 pacientes, 76,4% eram mulheres. A falha ocorreu em nove mulheres (13,23%) e três homens (14,28%). A média etária tanto dos pacientes recidivados como do grupo-controle foi de 44 anos. Dezoito pacientes (23,37%) no grupo-controle e oito (64,28%) dentre os que recidivaram tinham linfonodos positivos ao diagnóstico inicial. O tamanho tumoral foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes que apresentaram recidiva cervical (3,3 cm vs. 1,6cm - p=0,008, teste t de Student), o mesmo foi observado para a presença de linfonodos metastáticos quando da primeira cirurgia (p=0,004 - teste exato de Fisher). À análise multivariada, o tamanho tumoral foi fator de risco independente de recidiva (OR=2,4, IC95%:1,3-4,6 - p=0,007, regressão logística. Conclusão: para cada aumento de 1cm no maior diâmetro da lesão, há um aumento de 2,4 vezes no risco de recidiva linfonodal ao longo do acompanhamento.